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Initially the most valuable exhibits of the museum were archaeological collections. In the exposition the main landmarks of Kazakhstani history, beginning from paleontologic findings up to the present days, are reflected in a chronological sequence. Such well-known scientists as K. Akishev, K. Baipakov and others studied the history of our region. The exposition has four main parts:
● the Stone Age. Different stone instruments (mattocks, sticks with sharp ends and others) of epoch of Paleolith and Neolith are displayed in this section.
● the Bronze Age. This section reflects Andronov and Begazy-Dandybay culture. Here, there are bronze instruments, different jewels made of bronze and gold, pottery and a copy of national clothes of the “Andronov woman” (reconstructed by K.Akishev).
● the Turkic Khaganate. This section displays the richest pages of the history of Kazakhstan and Kazakh people, especially in ethnogenesis, ethnoculturology and ethnopolitics – ancient Turkic civilization. The standard of Turkic leader (VII c.), reconstructed by the restorer K. Altynbekov, is displayed in this gallery. The pommel of this standard – a wolf's head – is made of aluminium and covered by gilding. Patterns of Sogdian and Chinese fabrics of the VII-VIII cc. are used on this standard panel.
● the Medieval urban civilization. A big collection of different things made of glazed and non glazed ceramics is presented here. They are: various vessels of big and small forms, water pipes, lamps, sphere-cones and dirchems – coins made during the reins of the dynasty of Karakhanids and models of the mausoleums of Aisha-bibi, Arystanbab, Ahmed Yassawi, Jochi-khan and others.